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In Greek history, the term Krifó scholió (Greek "κρυφό σκολειό" or "κρυφό σχολείο", lit. "Secret school") refers to illegal underground schools for teaching the Greek language and Christian doctrines, provided by the Greek Orthodox Church under Ottoman rule in Greece between the 15th and 19th centuries.〔Alkis Angelou, ''Κρυφό Σχολείο: το χρονικό ενός μύθου'' (Secret school: the chronicle of a myth), Athens: Estia, 1997.〕 Against this view, many historians agree that there is no historical evidence that such schools ever existed.〔Christos G. Patrinelis: "Η διδασκαλία της γλώσσας στα σχολεία της Τουρκοκρατίας" ("Language (Greek ) teaching in schools of the Turkish period"). In: M. Z. Kopidakis (ed.), ''Ιστορία της Ελληνικης Γλώσσας'' (History of the Greek Language) Athens: Elliniko Logotechniko kai Istoriko Archeio. 216-217.〕 Others believe that secret schools did exist during periods of intense islamisation.〔Veremis Thanos, interview, "Sky" TV Channel, Greece, Feb. 28, 2011, in greek language. Thanos Veremis is Professor of Political History at the University of Athens ()〕 Much schooling was probably done through small-scale, privately organized teaching in churches and monasteries. There are scarce written evidence that schooling was illegal or repressed under certain conditions not only for Greeks but also for Albanians.〔(Kostovicova Denisa, "Shkolla Shqipe" and Nationhood, in Stephanie Schwandner-Sievers & Bernd Jürgen Fischer, "Albanian Identities", Indiana University Press, 2002 p. 162. )〕 The narrative of "Kryfo Scholio" became the target of a political and ideological polemic in late 20th century and was omitted from the school textbooks in an attempt of reconstruction of the national identity.〔">(Meselidis Stylianos, ''Teachers, History Wars and Teaching History Grade 6 in Greece'', in Joseph Zajda, ''Globalisation, Ideology and Education Policy Reforms'', Springer, 2010, pp. 39-48 )〕 ==Background== There are evidences (mostly in greek language) that the Ottoman authorities prohibited education in the languages of non-Muslim subject peoples in certain periods and places, in the frame of the islamic law of sharia.〔(Noehden (G. H.), "On the Instruction and Civilisation of Modern Greece», The Classical Journal 21 (1820), p. 192. )〕〔(René Puaux, The sorrows of Epirus, Hurst & Blackett, London, 1918, p. 103 ): (referring to Greeks in Epirus under Ottoman rule, 1913) "''No Greek book printed at Athens was allowed into schools. Everything had to come from Constantinople. Greek history was forbidden. Accordingly, they gave extra lessons in secret, and at these, without book or paper, the little Epirote learnt to know his motherland, its national hymn,'' ..." 〕 Greeks were therefore forced to cater for their basic education needs through small, sometimes secretly organized underground schools, which were run in monasteries and churches under the pretext of religious education which was permitted. Sites of such secret schools are today shown in many places in Greece. These schools are often credited with having played a decisive role in keeping Greek language and literacy alive through the period of Turkish rule. Τhe narrative of the secret schools became popular after Greece had begun its War of Independence in 1821. The first mention of such schools has been traced to 1825, in a work of the German scholar Carl Iken, quoting information given to him by a Greek scholar, Stephanos Kanellos. One of the few scholarly works that has seriously argued ''for'' the existence of such schools was written by G. Chassiotis in 1881;〔George Chassiotis: ''L'instruction publique chez les Grecs: depuis la prise de Constantinople par les Turcs jusqu' à nos jours.'' Paris, 1881.〕 Gritsopoulos has also published works supporting their existence, though allowing for the continuation of Greek-language higher education in Constantinople in the early Ottoman empire. The notion of the secret school became more popular and more entrenched in the collective memory of Greeks through a painting of that name by Nikolaos Gyzis, of 1885-86 (today in the Emphietzoglou Collection, Athens). It depicts a romanticized scene of such a school, with the venerable figure of an old orthodox priest reading by candlelight to a group of boys and young men in the traditional attire of Greek klephts.〔Antonis Danos ("Nikolaos Gyzis's ''The Secret School'' and an ongoing national discourse" ). ''Nineteenth-Century Art Worldwide'' 1 (2002).〕 Equally popular was a poem, of the same title, by Ioannis Polemis (1900). Its first stanza runs:〔Ioannis Polemis: "Το κρυφό σχολειό" (Online text of the poem (in Greek) ).〕
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